At Pergamum: The Heroon

May 14, 2010

As we continue to view the ruins at biblical Pergamum, today we look at the Heroon. Fatih Cimok, whom we referenced in our previous post, explains that the heroon was “a shrine dedicated to a deified or semideified dead person” (Pergamum, p.7). The heroon at Pergamum was built to honor the Pergamene kings, including Attalus I (241-197 B.C.) and Eumenes II (197-159 B.C.).

Heroon at Pergamum. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

The Heroon pictured above is on your left as you walk up from the parking area, making your way to the acropolis.  In the distance of our photo where the trees are located (top, center) you are seeing the site of the altar of Zeus.

If you lived in Pergamum in the first century, you would have some choices to make.  Could you burn incense to the emperor at the imperial temple, and say “Caesar is Lord,” or would you say that there is one Lord, the Lord Jesus Christ?  Would you worship these deified kings at the Heroon, or would you take the stand that Jesus did: “You shall worship the Lord your God, and Him only you shall serve” (Matt. 4:10)?  Neutrality then, as now, was and is impossible (Matt. 12:30).

More to come!


At Pergamum, Trajan’s Temple

May 11, 2010

As we continue to look at biblical sites, especially in Turkey, we want to call attention to some points of interest in Pergamum, located at modern Bergama.  Fatih Cimok writes, “The word Pergamum is thought to have been from a pre-Hellenistic tongue and meant ‘citadel’ or ‘stronghold'” (Pergamum, 2009 ed., p.7).

Pergamum has an interesting history.  In ancient times, it wasn’t just the city of Pergamum, it was actually the kingdom of Permamum, which extended from Bythinia to Cappodoccia.

Pergamum came under Roman rule in 133 B.C., when King Attlos II died. He had bequeathed Pergamum to Rome in his will. It was during Roman times that a temple was built and dedicated to Emperor Trajan and his adopted son Hadrian. Todd Bolen observes, “The Trajan temple was the jewel of Pergamum.”

Today’s photos depict some of the ruins of the Trajan temple. Restoration has been done by the German Archaeological Institute.  Click on images for higher resolution.

Tragan Temple in Pergamum. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Trajan reigned A.D. 98-117, and Hadrian reigned A.D. 117-138.

Tragan Temple in Pergamum. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Pergamum became a center for the Imperial Cult, for emperor worship. Cimok writes:

Having an imperial temple would also bring many visitors to a city like Pergamum during the festivals held for the imperial cult, and consequently economic benefits; thus the cities on Roman soil (including Pergamum and Ephesus) competed over building imperial temples. (Ibid.17).

More to come on Pergamum. See also our previous posts on Emperor Worship at Ephesus April 10,11, and 14.


Haran, of Aram Naharaim (Mesopotamia)

May 7, 2010

Our previous post pertained to the patriarchal home of Beersheba, located in the South (Negev) in OT Canaan. We saw that Jacob fled from Beersheba and traveled to Haran, “between the rivers;” hence, Mesopotamia (Greek) or Aram Naharaim (Hebrew).  The rivers, of course, are the Tigris and Euphrates. See map below:

Map, Haran. Courtesy http://bibleatlas.org

At Haran one can see “bee-hive” shaped houses that are 200 or so years old, which are said to be built along the same style of Patriarchal times.  If that is so, Jacob (and before him Abraham) would have seen houses like these below during his stay there.

Haran, Bee-hive shaped houses. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Dung mixed with straw is shaped into “cakes” and allowed to dry.  This is commonly used as fuel for cooking in what is today eastern Turkey.

Haran, Dung Cakes for Fuel. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

In the photo below we show some of the excavations that have taken place at Haran.  Remember this area would have been home to Jacob for 20 years, as he worked 7 years for Leah, and 7 more for Rachel, whom he wanted in the first place, plus 6 more years for wages, thus 7+7+6=20 years.

Haran, Excavations. Photo by Leon Mauldin


Beersheba, Home of the Patriarchs

May 6, 2010

In our previous post we mentioned how Jacob fled from his home in Beersheba to Haran, of Mesopotamia.  For the short term he was running for his life; for the long term he married (four wives as it turned out) and had children, including twelve sons who would become the heads of the twelve tribes of Israel.

See map below to locate Beersheba.

Beersheba in Southern Israel. Courtesy of http://bibleatlas.org/

Beersheba was the home of the patriarch Abraham as well as at times that of Isaac, and later Jacob as we have indicated.  There was a well there which Abraham dug.  The Philistine king Abimelech received seven ewe lambs from Abraham as confirming that the well was indeed Abraham’s (Gen. 21:22-30).  “Therefore he called that place Beersheba, because the two of them swore an oath there” (v.31).  The text goes on to say, “Then Abraham planted a tamarisk tree in Beersheba, and there called on the name of the LORD, the everlasting God” (v.33).

Our photo of Beersheba depicts both a well as well as a tamarisk tree.

Beersheba, with well and tamarisk tree. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

A good deal of excavation has been done at Beersheba.  See photo below.

Excavations at Beersheba. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Click on image for higher resolution.


Mah Zzot?!? (What is this?)

May 4, 2010

“What is this you have done to me?” This was Jacob’s question to Laban, when he discovered in shock and disbelief, not to mention panic, that he had married Leah, Rachel’s sister, instead of Rachel, with whom he was in love, and for whom he had worked for seven years for her father Laban. The deceiver was himself deceived.

Jacob left Beersheba to journey to Haran to obtain a wife; that’s the reason his mother Rebekah presented to his father Isaac (Gen. 27:46). The more pressing reason for the trip was really so that Esau his brother would not kill him. Esau was bitterly angry because Jacob had deceived Isaac, who was blind at the time, into blessing Jacob who pretended to be his older brother Esau.  Jacob was acting in compliance with his mother’s instructions; she wanted her “favorite” to receive the patriarchal blessing.

When Rebekah learned of Esau’s intention to kill Jacob, she sent Jacob away some 400+miles north to Haran, where they had relatives.  She instructed Jacob to stay with her brother Laban “a few days, until your brother’s fury turns away” (Gen. 27:45). It turned out that “a few days” became twenty years!  As far as the record indicates, Jacob never saw his mother Rebekah again.

When he met Rachel he immediately fell in love with her.  He reached an agreement with her father Laban that he would work seven years for her.  The time passed quickly for Jacob because of his great love for Rachel. Then came the much-anticipated wedding night.  But Laban himself was less than honest. Everyone gathered for the wedding feast. “Now it came to pass in the evening, that he took Leah his daughter and brought her to Jacob; and he went in to her” (Gen. 29:23).  Leah was Rachel’s older sister.  “So it came to pass in the morning, that behold, it was Leah.  And he said to Laban, “What is this you have done to me?  Was it not for Rachel that I served you?  Why then have you deceived me?” (Gen. 29:25).

The NET Bible translates, “What in the world have you done to me! Didn’t I work for you in exchange for Rachel? Why have you tricked me?”  The NET translator note on this text reads, The use of the pronoun “this” is enclitic, adding emphasis to the question: “What in the world have you done to me?”

Laban’s answer was essentially this: “Oh I forgot to tell you one small detail; around here it is not customary for the younger daughter to marry before the older; go ahead and let Leah have her wedding celebration (lasted one week) then you can marry Rachel and work seven more years for her.”  Dave Ramsay would never have approved of this “installment plan,” but Jacob consented.

Wedding Night_Turkish Wedding. Bergama Museum (Pergamum). Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Our photo depicts the wedding night for a Turkish wedding.  These figures are posed in the Bergama Museum.  The veiled bride is seated while her attendants help.  This scene may help us to understand why Jacob did not recognize Leah. Truly the deceiver was deceived.

We have photos of Beersheba as well as Haran which we plan to share in future posts.

PostScript. On a personal note, last week I had a very enjoyable meeting with the Perry Hill congregation in Montgomery, AL., speaking on the theme, “Becoming More Like Jesus.”  On Mon-Fri we had morning services and in those lessons I covered the Letters to the Seven Churches (Rev. 2-3), using photos from our recent trip to Turkey, as well as photos from previous trips. The lessons were well received, and it was great to be at Perry Hill again. This was my third meeting with the folks there.

That schedule made me a bit behind on posting to the blog, but we hope to be back on schedule now.  Thanks for checking in.  Remember to click on photo for higher resolution.


Smyrna, the Poor, Rich Church

April 27, 2010

In Rev. 2 we have the letter to the church at Smyrna (modern Izmir).  This church received the shortest of the seven letters (Rev. 2:8-11), and it consists only of commendations.  Smyrna was one of the wealthiest cities of the Roman province of Asia, but the Christians there were poor; Jesus wrote, “I know your works, tribulation, and poverty (but you are rich)” (Rev. 2:9).   Their poverty may have been in large measure due to their unwillingness to compromise their convictions.  Christians who were exclusively loyal to Jesus Christ could not worship other gods, nor could they take part in emperor worship.  It may be difficult for us to imagine how pervasive idolatry was in the first century.  When the New Testament church came into existence, the residents of Smyrna had for centuries been worshiping the goddess Athena.  The ruins of her temple are pictured here:

Athena Temple in Smyrna. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

The goddess Athena was in fact widely worshiped. Her image below is in the Izmir Museum:

Image of goddess Athena. Izmir Museum. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Imperial worship was deeply entrenched at Smyrna, the practice of burning incense to Caesar and saying that “Caesar is Lord.”   Here is an image of one of the priests of the Imperial Cult, representative of the men who served in such temples and expedited emperor worship.

Priest of Imperial Cult. Izmir Museum. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Those who made up the church at Smyrna were told, “Be faithful until death, and I will give you the crown of life” (Rev. 2:10). We learn that the faith that pleases God is based not on convenience, but on deep and abiding conviction.  What Jesus required in the 1st century He requires in the 21st century.


Jewish Inscription at Miletus Theater

April 22, 2010

Our last couple of posts have been on the biblical city of Miletus.  Remember it was here that Paul met with the Ephesian elders as he was finishing up the 3rd missionary journey and en route to Jerusalem (Acts 20:17ff.).

Any city of significance of biblical times had a theater.  Here is the theater of Miletus:

Miletus Theater. Photo by Leon Mauldin

One interesting discovery in the theater is an inscription which indicated the seating section for the Jews.  It is in the 5th row from below, and in the second section from the west.  The inscription is four feet long, with letters measuring 1 1/4 to 2 1/2 inches in height.

Jewish Inscription. Miletus Theater. Photo by Leon Mauldin

The inscription is written in Greek.  Transliterated it reads: “topos eioudeon ton kai theosebion.” Translation: “Place of the Jews, who are also called God-fearing” (Light from the Ancient East, by Adolf Deissmann, p. 451). In the book of Acts, “those who fear God”  are typically Gentiles (cf. Acts 13:26).  On this text in Acts, the NET Bibles notes,

“and those among you who fear God,” but this is practically a technical term for the category called God-fearers, Gentiles who worshiped the God of Israel and in many cases kept the Mosaic law, but did not take the final step of circumcision necessary to become a proselyte to Judaism. See further K. G. Kuhn, TDNT 6:732–34.

However the term as found in the inscription at Miletus does not seem to mean Jews and God-fearing Gentiles, but rather uses “God-fearing” to describe the Jews.  Adolf Deissmann writes,

As I read the actual inscription there at Miletus I wondered that it did not run “Place of the Jews and of those who are called God-fearing.” But there can be no doubt that “God-fearing” is here an appellation of the Jews (Ibid.452).

The inscription does not seem to imply segregation, but rather indicates “reserved seating.”  It further gives proof that there was a Jewish community there in Miletus in Roman times.

Topos Eioudewn twn kai Qheosebion


Miletus Agora, Two Views

April 22, 2010

At the biblical site of Miletus one can view the agora (market place). Looking across you can see the ionic stoa, a public building; to the right you can see the ruins of the Roman Nymphaeum (fountain).

Miletus Agora and Public Building. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

The photo above was taken in summer 2006.  Our photo below (March 2010) shows the same area with the agora under water.

Miletus Agora Under Water. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

More to come on Miletus.


Miletus

April 20, 2010

Miletus was a seaport on the Mediterranean, on the Bay of Latmus. Because of silting filling the gulf, the site is now more than five miles from the coast. The modern name of Miletus is Yeni-Balat. Miletus was a leading harbor during the Persian and Greek periods. Miletus was still an important trade center in Roman times. A temple devoted to the worship of Apollo was located at Miletus.

I had the opportunity in summer of 2006 to visit Miletus.  The photo below shows the ruins of the harbor, and the harbor monument. The circular base in center of photo is the foundation of the great harbor monument.

Miletus Harbor. Foundation of Great Harbor Monument. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Again I had the occasion to see Miletus last month.  This is a shot of the same area, but reflecting winter and spring rains.

Miletus Harbor March 2010. Monument foundation under water. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Note the building which can be seen in both photos, upper right.  This is the ruins of a synagogue.  There is no record of a church at Miletus in the context of Acts 20.

Bible and Spade has this to say regarding Paul’s brief stay at Miletus:

At the head of the harbor Paul would have landed on the marble paved street in front of the harbor stoa, stretching 525 feet along the south end of the bay. On his right he would have seen the large harbor monument built to honor the Emperor Augustus shortly after 31 B.C. The foundations of the Harbor Stoa and Monument are still there today, and not far from them is a partially excavated synagogue, which Paul may have visited. Had the Apostle walked through the center of town, as he no doubt did, he would have passed the Delphinion, the city’s chief religious center, where Apollo was worshiped. After walking 325 feet down the processional road he would come to the great South Agora, equal in size to some sixteen city blocks and surrounded by something like one hundred shops (Vol.2.4.103).

Biblical Significance. On the return route of the 3rd missionary journey, Paul asked the Ephesian elders to meet him here at Miletus (Acts 20:17). Miletus was 37 miles south of Ephesus. The elders accommodated Paul, and thus enabled him to stay near the harbor so that he would not miss the ship going on to Israel. It was here that he poured out his heart to them, admonishing them to take heed to themselves, and to all the flock among which the Holy Spirit had made them overseers (Acts 20:28). They prayed and wept freely; then he departed on the ship, sailing to Cos and the following day to Rhodes (one of the islands included on our tour). Reference is later made to Miletus in Paul’s final letter, in 2 Tim. 4:20, as he notes having left Trophimus there due to sickness.

Archaeological work has been conducted mostly by German teams from 1899-1914, 1938-9 and since 1955. We plan to share more photos of Miletus within the next day or two, including some of the areas referenced above in the Bible and Spade quote, so be sure to check back for more.


Weighed in the Balances

April 18, 2010

One artifact of interest (among hundreds of others!) in the Athens Museum is a set of scales, which according to the accompanying info sign, dates back to the 15th century B.C., and was among some items belonging to the Vapheio Tholos tomb, Lakonia.

Set of Scales. Athens Museum. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Perhaps because this set of scales was found in a tomb, the sign states further, “Bronze scales and lead weights either for practical use, or symbolic of the weighing of the souls in the after-life.”

These scales put me in mind of several passages, including Dan. 5, which tells of King Belshazzar of Babylon, who literally saw the “handwriting on the wall.”  Belshazzar was co-regent with his father Nabonidus, who was more interested in the arts and culture than administration, and consequently spent most of his time in the latter years of his reign outside Babylon.  Belshazzar had called for the vessels which Nebuchadnezzar had taken from the temple (586 B.C), and along with his officials was drinking wine, praising “gods of silver and gold, bronze and iron, wood and stone.” It was at this point that the king saw the fingers of a man’s hand writing on the plaster of the wall of the king’s palace, and subsequently Daniel, at this point an old man, was called to interpret the writing. The text reads,

And this is the inscription that was written: MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN. This is the interpretation of each word. MENE: God has numbered your kingdom, and finished it; TEKEL: You have been weighed in the balances, and found wanting; PERES: Your kingdom has been divided, and given to the Medes and Persians (vv. 25-28).

The NASB renders v. 27, “…you have been weighed on the scales and found deficient.” That very night King Belshazzar died, marking the end of the Babylonian Empire, and the beginning rule of its successor, the Medo-Persian Empire (539 B.C.).

Other Passages. There are numerous passages which speak of God’s delight in honest scales. Proverbs 16:11: “Honest weights and scales are the LORD’s; All the weights in the bag are His work.” The NET Bible notes, “The law required that scales and measures be accurate and fair (Lev. 19:36; Deut. 25:13). Shrewd dishonest people kept light and heavy weights to make unfair transactions.” Amos the prophet rebuked the Israelites who were saying, “When will the new moon festival be over, so we can sell grain? When will the Sabbath end, so we can open up the grain bins? We’re eager to sell less for a higher price, and to cheat the buyer with rigged scales!” (Amos 8:5, NIV).

Isaiah the prophet eloquently spoke of the incomparable greatness of Yahweh in contrast to the idols. “Who has measured out the waters in the hollow of his hand, or carefully measured the sky, or carefully weighed the soil of the earth, or weighed the mountains in a balance, or the hills on scales?” (Isa. 40:12).

One final and sobering passage:  “Every way of a man is right in his own eyes, But the LORD weighs the hearts” (Proverbs 21:2).

  • On a local note, we are looking forward to David Thomley’s special series, “Fighting For Our Families.”  This series of lessons will be presented at the meeting house of the Hanceville Church of Christ, 812 Commercial St NE, Hanceville AL. Services will be nightly Mon-Fri, April 19-23, at 7:00 PM.  Everyone is invited!