Temple of Apollo at Hierapolis

May 28, 2014

One of the many benefits of traveling to the lands  where biblical events occurred is that of gaining insight into just how pervasive idolatry was. It has always been necessary to make a choice of who you will serve (Joshua 24:14-15). Temples devoted to many gods abounded. The Gospel reveals the true God who claims exclusive service and worship to Him alone.

At Hierapolis one can view the ruins of the temple of Apollo.

Temple of Apollo at Hierapolis. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Temple of Apollo at Hierapolis. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Currently at Istanbul, we look forward to our flights home tomorrow.


Theater At Hierapolis

May 27, 2014

Today was devoted to exploring Hierapolis. I think today was the hottest day of our trip, and we did a lot of walking. There is a lot to see here.

First century Christians living in Hierapolis are mentioned in Colossians 4:12-13:

Epaphras, who is one of you, a servant of Christ Jesus, greets you, always struggling on your behalf in his prayers, that you may stand mature and fully assured in all the will of God. 13 For I bear him witness that he has worked hard for you and for those in Laodicea and in Hierapolis.

Every significant Roman city ordinarily had a theater.

Hierapolis Theater. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Hierapolis Theater. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Some flora and fauna at Heriapolis:

Gecko at Hierapolis. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Gecko at Hierapolis. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Wild flowers at Hierapolis. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Wild flowers at Hierapolis. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Today wraps up this photo/study trip for various sites in Turkey for Ferrell Jenkins & me.  We have made several trips of this nature, and I always enjoy them and learn a lot. Tomorrow morning is a 4 hr. drive back to the airport at Antalya and then a flight to Istanbul and homeward bound from there.


Turkey Travel contd: Pamphylia

May 26, 2014

On Paul’s First Journey, he and Barnabas passed through Perga in Pamphylia (Acts 13:13-14). On the return portion of the trip they came again to Pamphylia (Acts 14:24), “and when they had spoken the word in Perga, they went down to Attalia, and from there they sailed to Antioch” (vv. 24-25). Notice here the region of Pamphylia:

Region of Pamphylia. Map by BibleAtlas.com.

Region of Pamphylia. Map by BibleAtlas.com.

Now notice specifically Antalia:

Attalia, seaport for Pamphylia. Photo by BibleAtlas.com.

Attalia, seaport for Pamphylia. Photo by BibleAtlas.com.

Ferrell Jenkins and I have been in biblical Attalia, modern Antalya, and the greater Pamphylia area for the past couple of days as we have visited sites in Turkey.

Notice the topography on the first map, and see as you leave the coastal area and go northward you run into the mountains, using Attalia and Perga in your second map as reference points. The plains of Pamphylia give way to the formidable terrain of the Taurus mountain range.

Pamphylian Plain Ends at Taurus Mountains. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Pamphylian Plain Ends at Taurus Mountains. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

We spent some time exploring this area where a Roman Road cuts through the mountain pass. Dedicated men such as Paul and Barnabas had to negotiate through this type of terrain in their travels.

We found several matters of interest while there, such as this stork

Stork in flight in Pamphylia. Photo ©Leon Mauldin.

Stork in flight in Pamphylia. Photo ©Leon Mauldin.

and this field of Barley:

Barley in Pamphylia. Photo ©Leon Mauldin.

Barley in Pamphylia. Photo ©Leon Mauldin.

Tonight we are north of biblical Hierapolis (mentioned in Colossians 4:13). En route here we saw Laodicea and Colossae. There is much to see at Hierapolis, and tomorrow we plan to explore and photograph in that area. Thanks for following along the journey. Much more to share as time permits.

Mr. Jenkins and I are both well. There’s nothing quite like on-site Bible study! It’s truly a continuing education course for us.


Harran, Home of the Patriarchs and More

May 24, 2014

Bible students think of Haran (today’s spelling: Harran) as temporary home to Abraham (Gen. 12:4) after he left Ur but before arriving in Canaan. This was also home to Rebekah (Gen. 27) wife of Isacc and mother of Jacob & Esau. Haran would be Jacob’s home for 20 years (Gen. 28-29), where he married his wives and had 11 of his 12 sons (Benjamin later would be born near Bethlehem, at which time Rachel died).

Location of Haran in Mesopotamia. Map by BibleAtlas.org.

Location of Haran in Mesopotamia. Map by BibleAtlas.org.

But like many other biblical locations, Harran was of strategic significance, as indicated by this entry from Wikipedia:

By the 19th century BCE, Harran was established as a merchant outpost due to its ideal location. The community, well established before then, was situated along a trade route between the Mediterranean and the plains of the middle Tigris. It lay directly on the road from Antioch eastward to Nisibis and Ninevah. The Tigris could be followed down to the delta to Babylon. The 4th-century Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus (325/330–after 391) said, “From there (Harran) two different royal highways lead to Persia: the one on the left through Adiabene and over the Tigris; the one on the right, through Assyria and across the Euphrates.” Not only did Harran have easy access to both the Assyrian and Babylonian roads, but also to north road to the Euphrates that provided easy access to Malatiyah and Asia Minor.

According to Roman authors such as Pliny the Elder, even through the classical period, Harran maintained an important position in the economic life of Northern Mesopotamia.

Harran was also an ancient center for worship for the moon god Sin. This excavated mud brick site has been suggested as the location for a temple for the god that predates the well known later temple.

Haran Mud Brick Building. Proposed site of temple to moon god Sin. Photo ©Leon Mauldin.

Haran Mud Brick Building. Proposed site of temple to moon god Sin. Photo ©Leon Mauldin.

Our original flight this afternoon to Antalya was cancelled, which will result in a much later arrival this evening than previously scheduled. Those things happen when traveling. We are both well. Thanks for following our trip.


Traveling in Eastern Turkey

May 23, 2014

Yesterday upon our arrival in Gaziantep Ferrell Jenkins & I rented our car and from there went to Zeugma where we saw the Euphrates and the excavations of the temple of Dionysus. From there we drove to the ancient city of Haran, home (for a while) to Abraham; home to Jacob for twenty years. We overnighted in Sanliurfa, a strategically important city in upper Mesopotamia known as Edessa in Grecian and Roman times. This morning at Sanliurfa I photographed a man carrying a sheep.

At Sanliurfa, Turkey. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

At Sanliurfa, Turkey. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

At Gobekli Tepe we saw the oldest known temple remains to be discovered thus far. From there we went on to Birecik for another view of the Euphrates as we made our way on to Carchemish.

High school boys at Belcik, Turkey, on bridge crossing Euphrates. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

High school boys at Birecik, Turkey, on bridge crossing Euphrates. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

We were able to see Carchemish from several vantage points and took lots of photos. We could see over into Syria. Tonight we are in Gaziantep.


At Nicaea of Bithynia

May 21, 2014

I am thankful for safe arrival yesterday at Istanbul, meeting up with Ferrell Jenkins who had just concluded a tour in Turkey. Today we crossed the Sea of Marmara by ferry to save driving time on our way to Nicaea, called Iznik today. Nicaea was one of the important cities in New Testament times in the Roman Province of Bithynia. Peter addressed Christians over a widely scattered area (covering much of what is the country of Turkey today): “Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, To the pilgrims of the Dispersion in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia” (1 Pet. 1:1). Dr. Mark Wilson writes that Nicaea “vied with Nicomedia for the distinction of being the principle city of Bithynia” (Biblical Turkey: A Guide to the Jewish and Christian Sites of Asia Minor,  p.369).

It was a great opportunity to be in Nicaea today. The weather was very pleasant, and the lighting was excellent for most of the photos we made. Plus it’s just great to be in what was biblical Bithynia. The gospel made inroads there, as evidenced from 1 Peter (most conservative scholars believe that Peter’s second letter was written to the same audience). That means it was highly likely that the messenger with Peter’s letter would have contacted brethren there. Dr. Wilson says it a bit more emphatically, “. . . the messenger caring 1 Peter would certainly have visited Nicaea” p.370).

Nicaea is characterized by an ancient city plan which makes use of the decumanus maximus running east and west and the cardo maximus north and south. Nicaea was a walled city with four gates. Wilson says of the walls and gates that they are the most unique in western Turkey” (v.371). The Roman walls were built on Hellenistic walls, but the Roman walls then were reconstructed by the Goths after the Goths destroyed them (AD 268-270).

In AD 325 the first of the Ecumenical Councils (as well as the seventh) were held in Nicaea. It has been long-standing to date church history as pre-Nicaean and post-Nicaean.

Nicaea is situated on the east side of a beautiful lake which had commercial importance. We drove along side of it at times en route to Nicaea. This city was established under the Greek rule during the intertestamental period, 316 BC).

So Bithyna for sure and Nicaea almost certainly was important to the church in the first century, and Nicaea became very important in church history for time to come. Tonight we share a photo of Nicaea’s east gate.

Nicea East Gate. Photo  ©Leon Mauldin.

Nicaea East Gate. Photo ©Leon Mauldin.

Neither Mr. Jenkins nor I had been to Nicaea before today. We agreed it was really a good day. We got to the ferry with 5 minutes to spare.

Tomorrow we are to fly east to Gaziantep and see such sites as Zeugma and Haran. Haran, today spelled Harran, was Abraham’s home for a time, at of family that are prominent in the biblical Narrative.

 


Achzib on the Mediterranean

May 16, 2014

I love to study the book of Joshua. After Joshua led Israel in the Conquest of Canaan, the book bearing his name lists two biblical cities known as Achzib.

Josh. 15:44 lists Achzib among the cities with their villages designated as Judah’s tribal inheritance. The prophet Micah also mentions Achzib (Mic. 1:14), referencing this same southern city.

The other Achzib (featured in this post) was on the Mediterranean coast, and was included in the inheritance given to the tribe of Asher. “Then the boundary turns to Ramah, reaching to the fortified city of Tyre. Then the boundary turns to Hosah, and it ends at the sea; Mahalab, Achzib” (Josh. 19:29, ESV). Of course the “sea” mentioned in this verse is the Mediterranean Sea.

Note the location on the map:

Achzib. Map by BibleAtlas.org.

Achzib. Map by BibleAtlas.org.

Achzib was a significant settlement dating back to the Middle Bronze age (approximate time of Abraham), when it was a fortified harbor town.

Information Sign at Achzib. Photo ©Leon Mauldin.

Information Sign at Achzib. Photo ©Leon Mauldin.

But this city with its coastal access, and location on a major international route, was unfortunately not retained by Israel. Achzib is listed among seven cities not possessed within Asher’s inheritance: ” Asher did not drive out the inhabitants of Acco, or the inhabitants of Sidon or of Ahlab or of Achzib or of Helbah or of Aphik or of Rehob” (Judges 1:31). For much of its history Achzib was a Phoenician city.

Achzib was listed in Assyrian records as one of the cities during Sennacherib’s campaign in Syria and Palestine in 701 BC. In Roman times it was a thriving coastal town known as Ecdippon or Ecdippa.

Today it is just barely south of Israel’s border with Lebanon. Our photo here below was taken at Achzib looking south toward Acco (see above Judges text).

At Achzib looking south toward biblical Acco. Photo ©Leon Mauldin.

At Achzib looking south toward biblical Acco. Photo ©Leon Mauldin.

Click on images for larger view.


Imperial Cult Worship

April 11, 2014

A book I have found helpful in understanding the background of Revelation is Imperial Cults and the Apocalypse of John: Reading Revelation in the Ruins, by Steven J. Friesen (pub Oxford). Friesen states:

The signal development, first manifest in the dedications of the Temple of the Sebastoi but reflecting broader trends in society was the use of neokoros as a technical title for a city with a provincial temple of the emperors. The power of this innovation was explosive. In a matter of years it changed the public rhetoric of empire in Asia. Within a century it had transformed the discourse of Roman imperialism in the eastern Mediterranean. From the late first century onward, the most prestigious self-designation that could be employed by a city in Asia was neokoros, indicating the presence of a provincial temple where the emperors and their relatives were worshipped (p.150).

Neokoros literally means one who sweeps and cleans a temple; one who has charge of a temple, to keep and adorn it. It came to designate a city which maintained a temple for imperial worship. It is a historical fact that cities competed for this “honor.”

G. K. Beale observes, “Revelation presupposes that Christians were being required to participate to some degree in the imperial cult (e.g., 13:4-8,15-17; 14:9-11; 15:2; 16:2; 19:20; 20:4). . . in the Apocalypse persecution arises because of refusal to worship the ungodly king” (NIGTC Revelation, p.5).

Smyrna Inscription, designating it neokoros. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Smyrna Inscription, designating it neokoros. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

This inscription found in biblical Smyrna (see Revelation 2:8-11; Smyrna was one of the seven churches of the Roman province of Asia addressed in Rev. 2-3), in lines 3 and 4 designates Smyrna as neokoros of Sebaston [Greek equivalent to Latin Augusti]. Dr. David McClister says, “This inscription is known in the scholarly literature as Smyrna 162. It is an honorary inscription for Cl(audius) Aristophanes Aurelianus,  dated AD 193/235” [lines 1 and 2), and further, “It appears to me to have been a statue base honoring this individual for his leadership in the emperor cult.”

 


Battle at Michmash (1 Samuel 13-14)

March 27, 2014

Last evening a grandson, along with my wife & me, were reading his daily Bible reading which was in 1 Samuel 13-15. Chapters 13-14 record a battle between Israel and the Philistines, which was initiated by the faith of King Saul’s son Jonathan. A site repeatedly mentioned in the text is that of Michmash.

Michmash. Map by BibleAtlas.org.

Michmash. Map by BibleAtlas.org.

Michmash is about seven miles north and slightly east of Jerusalem. Consider how far into Israel’s territory the coastal Philistines had advanced at this point. Further, Israel’s forces were greatly outnumbered. The Philistines had 30,000 chariots and 6,000 horsemen, and “people as the sand which is on the seashore in multitude,” and were also “encamped in Michmash (1 Sam. 13:5). Jonathan had 1,000 men with him (at Gibeah at the point of 1 Sam. 13:2). Saul had only 2,000 men (ibid.) but as the chapter continues that number had shrunk down to a mere 600 men (v.15).

But Jonathan’s faith was not in numbers, but in YHWH. He told his armorbearer, “Come, let us go over to the garrison of these uncircumcised; it may be that the LORD will work for us. For nothing restrains the LORD from saving by many or by few” (1 Sam. 14:6). The two of them climbed up the steep pass to Michmash on hands and knees, attacked the Philistines, and “that first slaughter which Jonathan and his armorbearer made was about twenty men within about half an acre of land” (1 Sam. 14:14). The Philistine camp went into confusion. “So the LORD saved Israel that day” (v.23). Israel drove “back the Philistines that day from Michmash to Aijalon” (v.31).

Michmash. Area of battle between Israel and Philistines. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Michmash. Area of battle between Israel and Philistines. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

After we read the biblical narrative, I showed my grandson some photos of the Michmash area, such as the one here above, and was able to say that what we just read took place in this area. He responded, “Have they found any skeletons there?” “Wouldn’t it be cool if they found skeletons there?” Also, “Do they still fight battles there?”

While I don’t know of any skeletal remains, this area was the site of an important battle between Britain and the Turks during WWI. Major Vivian Gilbert, in his book The Romance of the Last Crusade, “relates the story of an unnamed brigade major who was reading his Bible while contemplating the situation against the Ottoman forces. The brigade major remembered a town by the name of Michmash mentioned somewhere in the Bible. He found the verses, and discovered that there was supposedly a secret path around the town. He woke the brigadier general, and they found that the path still existed and was very lightly guarded. The British forces used this path to outmaneuver the Ottomans, and so took the town” (Wikipedia, referencing pp. 183-186).

The use of maps and photos of biblical sites helps children (and the rest of us) to better visualize and understand the biblical events.


Recommended Resource: “With the Bible in the Israel Museum” DVD by Ferrell Jenkins

March 14, 2014

It is only in the last two years that photos have been permitted in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem. There are so many wings with so many artifacts, it is helpful to have some sort of guideline to serve as a starting point to make the most of a visit to the museum.

Ferrell Jenkins delivered a lecture entitled, “With the Bible in the Israel Museum” during the 2014 lecture series at Florida College, Temple Terrace, FL. In the lecture he selectively (because of so much to choose from) makes use of recent photos to deal with artifacts beginning with time of the patriarchs, continuing through Old Testament history (United Kingdom, Divided Kingdom, Captivity, Persian Period) and concluding with the Roman and Early Christianity. Included are numerous examples from various sites of Israel’s propensity to engage in idolatrous worship. Also there is insightful information on burial customs for different periods.

Ferrell Jenkins' DVD on biblical artifacts in the Israel Museum.

Ferrell Jenkins’ DVD on biblical artifacts in the Israel Museum. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

I recommend the DVD both as helpful to prepare for a visit to the museum, as well as to review and restudy if you have had opportunity already to go to.

You can place your order here with the FC Bookstore. Use the search box to enter keywords. Cost is $5.00 plus shipping.